Images Dated 7th January 2019

Butterflies, chromolithograph, published in 1897

Butterflies, left: Pine looper moth (Bupalus piniaria, or Fidonia piniaria) with caterpillar; Western larch case-bearer (Coleophora laricella) with eaten needle points of a larch; Evergestis extimalis (or Botys margaritalis) with caterpillar; Pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana, or Tortrix bouoliana) with caterpillar and pupa in a cutted twig; Pine resin-gall moth (Retinia resinella, orTortrix resinella) with bile and pupae capsule; Middle: White-spotted pinion (Cosmia diffinis); Pine beauty (Panolis flammea, or Trachea piniperda) with caterpillar; Mottled umber (Erannis defoliaria, or Hibernia defoliaria), male (1), female (2), caterpillar (3); Dotted border (Agriopis marginaria, or Hibernia aurantiaria), male (4), female (5); Winter moth (Operophtera brumata, or Laurentia brumata), male (6), female (7), caterpillar (8); Apple ermine (Yponomeuta malinellus, or Hyponomeuta malinella) cocoon with caterpillar and moth. Right: Peppered moth (Biston betularia, or Amphidasys betularia); Pupa and caterpillar of the Peppered moth; Rustic shoulder-knot (Apamea sordens, or Hadena basilinea) and caterpillar; Red underwing (Catocala nupta) and caterpillar. Chromolithograph, published in 1897

Defence mechanisms of different insects, chromolithograph, published in 1897

Species: 1) Lobster moth (Stauropus fagi); 2) Jersey tiger (Euplagia quadripunctaria); 3) Eastern eyed (Alaus oculatus); 4) Hairy sweep (Canephora hirsuta); 5) Eyed hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellatus); 6) Brazilian Lithosiide (Silk-worm, Bombycidae, cocoon); 7) Crepuscular burnet (Zygaena carniolica); 8) Firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus); 9) Small emperor moth (Saturnia pavoniella, cocoon); 10) Spharoniscus cingulicornis (caterpillar); 11) Megalodon (extinct); 12) Bombardier beetle (Pheropsophus jessoensis); 13) Devil's coach horse beetle (Ocypus olens); 14) Acronicta aceris; 16) Imperial moth (Eacles imperialis, caterpillar); 17) Bloody-nosed Beetle (Timarcha goettingensis); 18) Oil beetle (Meloe variegatus); 19) Puss moth (Cerura vinula, caterpillar); 20) Andromeda satyr (Cithaerias andromeda); 21-22) Eyed hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellatus, caterpillars); 23) Cream-spot tiger (Arctia villica); 24) Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) and caterpillar (15); 25) Swallowtail (Papilio machaon, caterpillar); 26) Blue-winged grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens); 27) Hoplia argentea; 28-29) Elephant hawk moth (Deilephila elpenor, caterpillars); 30) Mediterranean hawk-moth (Hyles nicaea, caterpillar); 31) Pteronymia; 32-33) Orange tip (Anthocharis cardamines) and pupae (34-35); 36) Pill millipede (Glomeris limbata).
Defence mechanisms of different insects: I) Threat posture: 1, 13, 16, 19, 25, 28, 29. - II) Signal colors and drawings for deterrent: 2, 3, 5, 26. - III) Protection colors (imitation): 7, 8, 15, 23, 24, 30. - IV) Artillerymen: 12, 19. - V) Deterrent secretions: 17, 18. - VI) Defensive hairs and spikes: 11, 14. - VII) Furl: 10, 14, 36. - VIII) To feign death: 27. - IX) Masking: 4. - X) Concealment: 20, 31, 32 - 35. XI) Color timing: 21, 22. - XII) Cocoon protection: 6, 9. Chromolithograph, published in 1897