4th Century Bc Collection

Krater depicting Zeus and gods of Olympus
Greek civilization, 4th century b.C. Red-figure pottery. Krater depicting Zeus and the gods of Olympus

PANC2A-00023
Wedding of Alexander the Great and Statira. Hand-colored halftone reproduction of a 19th-century illustration

Plato and Aristotle shown in a bas-relief titled " Logic" by Giotto on the doors of the Campanile, Florence. 19th-century photograph

PANC2A-00033
A manuscript of Demosthenes copied by hand in the tenth century. Color lithograph reproduction, 19th century

PANC2A-00003
Map of the empire of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. Printed color lithograph of a 19th-century illustration

Alexanders army prepares to destroy Persepolis
Thais suggests that Alexander burn Persepolis, capitol of Persia, in 331 BC. Hand-colored halftone ireproduction of a 19th-century llustration

God Asclepius accompanied by his children before a family of devotees, votive marble relief
Greek civilization, 4th century b.C. God Asclepius accompanied by his children before a family of devotees. Votive marble relief

Bulgaria, Central Mountains, Kazanlak, interior of the the replica Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, original built in the 4th century BC

PANC2A-00037
Alexander the Great. Hand-colored 19th-century halftone reproduction of a statue

Battle of Arbela between Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia (356-323 B.C. and Darius king of Persia

PERU: CHAVIN STELE. Drawing of the Raimondi stele, portraying a chieftain wearing an elaborate crown. Chavin culture of ancient Peru, 9th to 2nd century B.C

Pharos, the lighthouse of ancient Alexandria
Harbor and lighthouse of ancient Alexandria, a great center of Hellenistic culture and trade. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration

Bronze Portrait Head of Philosopher, found in sea of Antikythera, circa late 3rd century BC. Probably Bion of Borysthenes, a cynic in 4th century BC

Marble statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus, copy of a Greek original by Praxiteles
Roman civilization, 1st-2nd century A.D. Marble statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus. Copy of a Greek original by Praxiteles, 4th century b.C

PANC2A-00056
Bust of Plato. Hand-colored 19th-century woodcut

Lycian Rock Tombs, Fethiye, Turkey

Aristotle crying, conceptual artwork
Aristotle crying. Conceptual artwork of a bust of the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC), who is depicted here crying

Pythagoras and Euclid, 1437 (marble tile)
7260238 Pythagoras and Euclid, 1437 (marble tile) by Della Robbia, Luca (1400-82); 83x69 cm; Museo dell Opera del Duomo, Florence, Tuscany, Italy; Photo © Raffaello Bencini

Greek vase painting depicting Cadmus fighting the serpent, 4th century BC
Greek vase painting depicting Cadmus fighting the serpent before founding Thebes. Made in Paetum, a Greek city in Italy, 4th century BC

Marble statue of Capitoline Venus, copy of original by Praxiteles, from Rome
Roman civilization. Marble statue of the Capitoline Venus, height 193 cm. Copy of an original of the 4th century b.C. by Praxiteles. From Rome

Black-figure pottery Carbire vase with scene of Ulysses, from Odysseus
Greek civilization, 5th-4th century b.C. Black-figure pottery. Carbire vase with a scene from the Odysseus: Ulysses

Italy, Lazio, Tarquinia, Sculpture representing winged horses 4th-3rd Century B.C. Museo Archeologico (Archaeological Museum), Etruscan art

Black-figure pottery Carbire vase with scene from Odyssey
Greek civilization, 5th-4th century b.C. Black-figure pottery. Carbire vase with a scene from the Odyssey

PANC2A-00060
Alexander the Great discovering the body of Darius, King of Persia. Hand-colored engraving of a 19th-century illustration by Gustave Dore

Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander, 326 BC (engraving)
972340 Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander, 326 BC (engraving) by Chappel, Alonzo (1828-87) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander, 326 BC)

Greek Bronze of a Gorgons Head, c4th century BC. National Museum, Athens

Statue of Peutesilea, Queen of Amazons, from western gable of Temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus
Greek civilization, 4th century b.C. Statue of Peutesilea, Queen of the Amazons, from the western gable of the Temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus

Gold krater, from Derveni, Macedionia, Greece, circa 330-320 B. C
Greek civilization, 4th century b.C. Goldsmithery. Gold Derveni krater, 330-320 b.C

Temple Of Apollo; Delphi, Greece

Bust of Alexander the Great, 330-30 BC (sculpture)
7322924 Bust of Alexander the Great, 330-30 BC (sculpture); Louvre, Paris, France; (add.info.: Bust of Alexender the Great. Hellenistic period , 330 - 30 BC)

Seal depicting man with oxen, -360 BC (red jasper)
7309964 Seal depicting man with oxen, -360 BC (red jasper); 1.8 cm; Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK; (add.info.: Display: stone (red jasper)); © Ashmolean Museum .

Roman discharge tunnel of Lake Albano (engraving)
8635781 Roman discharge tunnel of Lake Albano (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Roman discharge tunnel of Lake Albano. Illustration from Rom)

Humiliation of the Roman army by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks (engraving)
8635773 Humiliation of the Roman army by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

Ptolemy I Soter, ancient Macedonian Greek general and king (engraving)
8635129 Ptolemy I Soter, ancient Macedonian Greek general and king (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Ptolemy I Soter)

Battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC (engraving)
8635120 Battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC (engraving) by Leutemann, Heinrich (1824-1905); Private Collection; (add.info.: Alexander the Great defeating the Persians at the Battle of Gaugamela, 331 BC)

Alexander the Great saying farewell to Aristotle (engraving)
8635112 Alexander the Great saying farewell to Aristotle (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Alexander the Great saying farewell to Aristotle)

Philip II, King of Macedon (engraving)
8635110 Philip II, King of Macedon (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Philip II (382-336 BC), King of Macedon. Illustration from Hellas

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens (engraving)
8635106 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, Greece)

Praxiteles of Athens, ancient Greek sculptor (engraving)
8635104 Praxiteles of Athens, ancient Greek sculptor (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Praxiteles of Athens)

Timoleon travelling by chariot to the Syracusan assembly (engraving)
8635101 Timoleon travelling by chariot to the Syracusan assembly (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

Death of Epaminondas, 362 BC (engraving)
8635095 Death of Epaminondas, 362 BC (engraving) by Leutemann, Heinrich (1824-1905); Private Collection; (add.info.: Death of the ancient Theban general and statesman Epaminondas, 362 BC)

Hippocrates, ancient Greek physician (engraving)
8635083 Hippocrates, ancient Greek physician (engraving) by German School, (19th century) (after); Private Collection; (add.info.: Hippocrates (c460-370 BC), ancient Greek physician

Alexander the Great entering Babylon with Persian captives (engraving)
8635076 Alexander the Great entering Babylon with Persian captives (engraving) by Thorvaldsen, Bertel (1770-1844) (after); Private Collection; (add.info)

The geese of the Capitoline Hill (colour litho)
8664134 The geese of the Capitoline Hill (colour litho) by Job, pseudonym for Onfray de Breville, Jacques (1858-1931); Private Collection; (add.info)

The School of Socrates, 18th century (engraving)
3585944 The School of Socrates, 18th century (engraving); (add.info.: Illustration depicting the School of Socrates. Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher and educator)

Socrates
3585942 Socrates; (add.info.: Illustration depicting a profile of Socrates. Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher and educator. Dated 18th Century.); Universal History Archive/UIG.

Bronze arrow-head from ancient Greece
3330399 Bronze arrow-head from ancient Greece; (add.info.: Bronze arrow-head from ancient Greece. Dated 4th Century BC.); Universal History Archive/UIG.

The solution to the problem of doubling the volume of a cube, as proposed by Menaechmus
533574 The solution to the problem of doubling the volume of a cube, as proposed by Menaechmus. 4th century BC (mathematical drawing); Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG.

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In the 4th century BC, a pivotal era in human history unfolded. Philosophers Plato and Aristotle, known for their profound ideas and teachings, were at the forefront of intellectual discourse (PANC2A-00023). Meanwhile, Alexander's army was preparing to unleash destruction upon Persepolis, marking a significant turning point in ancient warfare (PANC2A-00033). Far away in Bulgaria's Central Mountains lies Kazanlak, where the interior of the replica Thracian Tomb stands as a testament to an ancient civilization's artistic prowess (PANC2A-00003). In another corner of the world, Asclepius, the god of healing and medicine, appeared before his devotees in a stunning votive marble relief (PANC2A-00037). The Battle of Arbela took place during this time period between Alexander the Great and Darius III. It forever altered political landscapes and solidified Alexander's legacy as one of history's greatest conquerors (Battle of Arbela between Alexander the Great) Across continents in Peru stood an enigmatic Chavin stele depicting a chieftain adorned with symbols that spoke volumes about their culture and beliefs (PERU: CHAVIN STELE) Pharos illuminated Alexandria with its majestic presence - an architectural marvel that guided sailors through treacherous waters for centuries to come (Pharos lighthouse) Lastly, from beneath Antikythera's sea depths emerged a bronze portrait head believed to be that of an esteemed philosopher from late 3rd century BC. Its discovery shed light on ancient thinkers' physical representations while leaving us yearning for more knowledge about their philosophies (Bronze Portrait Head found in sea of Antikythera) The 4th century BC was truly a time when civilizations clashed on battlefields but also flourished intellectually and artistically.