Hydroxide Collection

Kaolinite
Scanning electron microscope image of kaolinite (x 4.00K). Its a common phyllosilicate mineral, its structure is composed of silicate sheets bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layers

Linarite is a bright azure blue colour with crystal growth to nearly 25mm. It comprises of (lead copper sulphate hydroxide). Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London

Manganite, Warwickshire, England
Acicular manganite crystals on massive manganite. Manganite, which is a valuable manganese ore, was worked at Nuneaton and Hartshill in Warwickshire by the Cornish Mining Company from around 1820 to

Nephrite jade
A specimen of nephrite jade from New Zealand. Nephrite is actually not a mineral outright, but is a variety of the mineral actinolite (calcium magnesium iron silicate hydroxide)

Tarnished sodium metal. Chunk of the reactive metallic element sodium (Na). Part of this surface was recently exposed by a knife cut

Serpentine cup
A mottled serpentine ornamental cup or tazza on a black marble base. The mineral serpentine is composed of (magnesium iron silicate hydroxide)

Picture No. 11050153
Goethite (FeO(OH)) Date:

Sodium metal in glass bowl of red Litmus water producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen, close-up

Blue topaz crystal in pegmatite groundmass

Libethenite C016 / 5660
Libethenite. Wedge-shaped, dark green crystals of libethenite (copper phosphate hydroxide) with pale brown duftite. Specimen from the Phoenix mine, Lnkinhorne, Cornwall, UK

Antigorite and bowenite specimens C016 / 5420
Antigorite and bowenite specimens. Group of two specimens of antigorite (top) and two specimens of bowenite (bottom). Bowenite is a variety of antigorite

Muscovite C013 / 6645
Muscovite, a variety of mica, is a silicate mineral of aluminium and potassium. It is found in metamorphic rocks, like gneiss

Antigorite and bowenite
Group of two specimens of antigorite (above) and two specimens of antigorite var. bowenite below. Both these specimens comprise of (magnesium iron silicate hydroxide)

Psilomelane
A bright black botryoidal mass of psilomelane. Psilomelane comprises of (barium manganese oxide hydroxide). Specimen from Monkstone mine, Brent Tor, Devon

Topaz comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide). This is a specimen from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London

Libethenite
Wedge-shaped, dark green crystals of libethenite (copper phosphate hydroxide) with pale brown duftite. Specimen from the Phoenix mine, Lnkinhorne, Cornwall

Schultenite comprises of (lead arsenate hydroxide) and derives from the phosphates group. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London

Manganite (manganese oxide hydroxide), characterized by short prismatic crystals. This specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London

Wardite is comprised of hydrated sodium aluminum phosphate hydroxide. This bright green specimen has been deposited in variscite nodules

Connellite
Deep-blue velvety crust of needles with some red cuprite. Connellite comprises of (hydrated copper sulphate chloride hydroxide). Specimen from Wheal Muttrell, Gwennap, Cornwall

Sohngeite

A selection of topaz cut stones
Topaz is the hardest silicate mineral and comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Topaz
A crystal and a cut topaz stone from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. Topaz comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Talc

Hemimorphite
A specimen of the mineral hemimorphite (hydrated zinc silicate hydroxide). This mineral was formerly known as calamine

Kernite is composed of hydrated sodium borate hydroxide with transparent crystals. Kernite is also an important ore of borax. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London

Augelite comprises of (aluminum phosphate hydroxide). This specimen has well developed semi-transparent crystals and is from the Natural History Museum, London

Lazulite comprises of (magnesium iron aluminum phosphate hydroxide) not to be confused with lazurite - as it looks and sounds the same is a rare ornamental and gemstone

Brochantite
A specimen of the mineral brochantite (copper sulphate hydroxide) from the Fowey Consols mine, St Blazey, Cornwall. A rippled green mass of minute crystals, with similar (but blue-green) langite

Topaz crystals and faceted topaz showing a diverse colour range. Topaz comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Topaz
Blue irradiated topaz pebbles and faceted topaz. Topaz is comprised of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Topaz
Image of Queen Victoria carved in topaz. Topaz comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Adamite
A specimen of the mineral adamite (zinc arsenate hydroxide). It is a fluorescent mineral, popular among collectors and shows bright green fluorescent under UV lights

Conichalcite
A specimen of the mineral conichalcite (calcium copper arsenate hydroxide). This mineral holds orthorhombic crystals and belongs in the Adelite group

Liroconite comprises of (hydrated copper aluminum arsenate hydroxide). It is blue in colour and forms from the oxidation of copper ores. Specimen from the collections of the Truro Museum, Cornwall

Azurite
A specimen of the mineral azurite (copper carbonate hydroxide) from Chessy, Dept Rhone, France

Muscovite
A specimen of muscovite (Potassium aluminum silicate hydroxide fluoride) with hematite and limonite inclusions, from Adelaide Australia

Malachite
An Octagonal column of the mineral malachite. Malachite is a green mineral, (copper carbonate hydroxide), and is often used as a semi-precious stone

Topaz crystal
An imperial topaz crystal from Brazil, length 101mm long. Topaz comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)

Hemimorphite crystals enclosed in rock crystal
Hemimorphite, formerly known as calamine is comprised of (hydrated zinc silicate hydroxide). Magnification = x1.2

Kornerupine (magnesium aluminum iron boro-silicate hydroxide) is a rare boro-silicate mineral which occurs in a range of greens and browns - this emerald colour is exceptional

Azurite mineral sample. This mineral is a hydrated copper carbonate, with the chemical formula Cu3. (CO3)2.(OH)2. The minerals name refers to its colour, and is related to the word azure

Lithium reacting with water. Lithium (Li) is a highly reactive metallic element that floats on water and reacts with it. This exothermic (heat- producing) reaction forms lithium hydroxide (LiOH)

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Hydroxide: A World of Minerals and Reactions Kaolinite, Linarite, Manganite - these minerals may sound unfamiliar, but they all have one thing in common: hydroxide. Journey to Warwickshire, England and you'll find the stunning Manganite specimen, showcasing the beauty formations. Have you ever seen a Serpentine cup? It's made from a mineral rich in hydroxide compounds that give it its unique green color. Nephrite jade is not just a beautiful gemstone; it also contains traces minerals that contribute to its strength and durability. Tarnished sodium metal might not look appealing at first glance, but when combined with water it produces sodium hydroxide – an essential compound used in various industries. Picture No. 11050153 captures the mesmerizing reaction between sodium metal and red Litmus water as it transforms into sodium hydroxide and releases hydrogen gas. Blue topaz crystal found within pegmatite groundmasses often contain traces of hydroxides, adding depth to their already enchanting appearance. Libethenite C016 / 5660 is another example where copper combines with hydroxides to create this striking mineral specimen worth admiring. Antigorite and bowenite specimens (C016 / 5420) showcase the versatility of hydroxides by forming different types of minerals with distinct properties. Muscovite C013 / 6645 is known for its shimmering layers but did you know that it also contains small amounts of aluminum-hydroxy groups? they are more than just chemical compounds; they are building blocks for our understanding of Earth's geological history and processes. Whether we encounter them as part of magnificent crystals or witness their transformative reactions, hydroxides play a vital role in shaping our world.