Palaentological Collection

Stone tool, Sima de los Huesos. This hand axe, called Excalibur, is the only stone tool to be found at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Cueva Mayor cave exploration, Atapuerca C018 / 9949
Cueva Mayor cave exploration. Cavers exploring the Galeria de las Estatuas section of the Cueva Mayor cave system in the Sierra de Atapuerca foothills in northern Spain

Fossilised frontal bone, Gran Dolina
Fossilised frontal bone from a childs skull. Fragments of a 12-year-old childs cranial bone being pieced together by a palaeontologist

Stone tool, Gran Dolina. This stone tool was formed by striking the stone to produce a continuous edge on one or both sides

Bear tooth, Sima de los Huesos. Tooth from the now extinct Deningeris bear (Ursus deningeri) found next to human fossils at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Animal tooth, Gran Dolina. Tooth from a sabre- toothed tiger (Smilodon sp.), found in level TD10 (upper levels) of the Gran Dolina site

Skull 5, Sima de los Huesos. In 1992, the team working with Professor Juan Luis Arsuaga found skull 5 (Miguelon) at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones), the best preserved skull known world-wide

Fossilised remains, Sima de los Huesos. Reconstructed Homo hiedelbergensis skeleton. This skeleton has been made up from human fossils found at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Bear skull, Sima de los Huesos. Skull of the now extinct Deningeris bear (Ursus deningeri) found next to human fossils at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Fossilised skulls, Sima de los Huesos. These human skulls are amongst many hundreds of pieces of human fossils found at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Bear jaw, Sima de los Huesos. Lower jaw (mandible) of the now extinct Deningeris bear (Ursus deningeri) found next to human fossils at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Fossilised teeth, Sima de los Huesos. These teeth were found at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones) and are the most found for any human species, world-wide

Excavation at Galeria
MODEL RELEASED. Excavation at Galeria. Excavations at this site started in 1982. Occupation floors, or layers of earth that at one time made up the cave floor, were discovered

Human fossils, Sima de los Huesos. These human fossils are a selection of the hundreds of pieces found at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Skull 4, Sima de los Huesos. In 1992, the team working with Professor Juan Luis Arsuaga found skull 4 (Agamenon) at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones), the first intact skull found at the site

Elephants tooth, Gran Dolina
Elephants tooth, Sima del Elefante. This elephants milk tooth was found at Sima del Elefante (Elephant Pit). As well as a rich collection of mammal fossils dating back to between 1.25

Fossilised remains, Gran Dolina. These human fossils, dating back approximately 800, 000 years, are a selection found in level TD6 at the Gran Dolina site betwen 1994 and 1995

Stone tools, Gran Dolina. Examples of stone tools found next to human fossils in level TD6 of the Gran Dolina site. The technique used for the manufacturing of these stone tools was to hit a piece of

Fossilised skull, Gran Dolina. Pieces of childs skull and upper jaw (maxillar). It is thought the child died aged between 10-12 years and has been nicknamed El Nino de la Gran Dolina

Horses hoof, Gran Dolina. Horses hoof found at the Gran Dolina site. Gran Dolina is one of several archaeological sites in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain

Fossilised jaw, Gran Dolina. Piece of childs upper jaw (maxillar). It is thought the child died at between 10-12 years old and has been nicknamed El Nino de la Gran Dolina (The Child of Gran Dolina)

Stone tool, Galeria. This stone tool was formed by striking the stone to produce a continuous edge on one or both sides. The most typical piece, characteristic of the Acheulean

Fossilised pelvis, Sima de los Huesos. This male Homo heidelbergensis pelvis, nicknamed Elvis, is the only known intact pelvis dating back 400, 000 years

Animal jaw, Gran Dolina. Primitive lower jaw (mandible) of a bovine animal, found in level TD7 of the Gran Dolina site. Gran Dolina is one of several archaeological sites in Sierra de Atapuerca

Dolmen, Sierra de Atapuerca. This Bronze Age dolmen, or portal tomb, was found in the area surrounding Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain (background)

Base of skull 5, Sima de los Huesos. In 1992, the team working with Professor Juan Luis Arsuaga found skull 5 (Miguelon) at Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones)

Animal jaw, Galeria. Lower jaw (mandible) of a lion recovered from Galeria. It is thought that Galeria acted as a natural trap and that humans

Fossilised tooth, Gran Dolina. This human tooth, dating back approximately 800, 000 years, was found along with other fossils in level TD6 at the Gran Dolina site between 1994 and 1995

Bone tool, Cueva Mayor. This carved bone tool was used to make holes, in skins for example. Cueva Mayor was first discovered in 1910

Great white shark tooth fossil
Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias ) tooth fossil. This tooth dates from the Miocene period (between 23 to 5.3 million years ago). It was found in Cooper River, South Caroline, USA

Fossilised teeth, Gran Dolina. These human teeth, dating back approximately 800, 000 years, were found in level TD6 at the Gran Dolina site between 1994 and 1995

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"Paleontological Discoveries Unearthed: Journey into the Ancient Cueva Mayor Cave and Atapuerca C018/9949" Embarking on a thrilling expedition deep within the mysterious Cueva Mayor cave, paleontologists have unraveled astonishing secrets from our prehistoric past. The exploration of Atapuerca C018/9949 has yielded remarkable findings that shed light on the enigmatic world of ancient creatures. Among these extraordinary discoveries is a fossilized frontal bone found in Gran Dolina, offering an intriguing glimpse into the anatomy of long-extinct species. Equally fascinating are stone tools unearthed at Gran Dolina, providing evidence of early human ingenuity and resourcefulness. Delving further into Sima de los Huesos, researchers stumbled upon a bear tooth - a testament to the diverse range of fauna inhabiting this once-thriving ecosystem. Additionally, an animal tooth discovered in Gran Dolina adds another piece to the puzzle of Earth's rich biodiversity during bygone eras. One particularly captivating find is Skull 5 from Sima de los Huesos; its well-preserved state provides invaluable insights into our evolutionary history. Fossilized remains scattered throughout Sima de los Huesos offer glimpses into ancient life forms that roamed these lands millions of years ago. Notably, an intact bear skull was uncovered amidst these fossil-rich grounds – revealing details about both predator and prey relationships in this primeval landscape. The abundance of fossilized skulls further emphasizes the significance of Sima de los Huesos as a treasure trove for paleontological research. Further excavation efforts at Galeria have led to remarkable finds such as a bear jaw and fossilized teeth from Sima de los Huesos. These tantalizing remnants paint vivid pictures of how these magnificent creatures lived and interacted with their environment.