Protein Synthesis Collection

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, TEM
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). This section shows the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER, folds, centre), a membranous structure that occurs in cells

Bacterial ribosome. Computer model showing the secondary structure of a 30S (small) ribosomal sub-unit from the bacteria Thermus thermophilus

Cross section biomedical illustration of protein synthesis and ribosome

Pancreatic acinar cell. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through an enzyme-secreting acinar cell in the human pancreas, showing part of the nucleus (round, far left)

TEM of endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) of a section through a mammalian cell revealing rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Biomedical illustration of protein synthesis within DNA

X-ray view of human skeleton with liver

Ricin A-chain, artwork C017 / 3653
Ricin A-chain. Computer artwork showing the enzymatically active A-chain from a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (seen here) and B (not shown)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3652
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3651
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3650
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

Human 80S ribosome F007 / 9902
Ribosomal subunit. Computer model showing the structure of the RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules in an 80S (large) ribosomal sub-unit. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA

Human 80S ribosome F007 / 9898
Ribosomal subunit. Computer model showing the structure of the RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules in an 80S (large) ribosomal sub-unit. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA

tRNA molecule
Transfer RNA (tRNA), molecular model. tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid) translates messenger RNA (mRNA) into a protein product. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid, in this case tryptophan

Ricin A-chain, artwork C017 / 3654
Ricin A-chain. Computer artwork showing the enzymatically active A-chain from a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (seen here) and B (not shown)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3649
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

70S ribosome, molecular model F006 / 9651
70S ribosome, molecular model. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid). In bacteria each ribosome consists of a small (30S) subunit and a large (50S) subunit

Src protein molecule F006 / 9646
Src protein, molecular model. Src is a tyrosine kinase, a signalling protein in cells that has the ability to turn on protein synthesis and cellular growth

Internal ribosome entry site F006 / 9631
Internal ribosome entry site. Molecular model of an internal ribosome entry site nucleotide sequence from the hepatitis C virus. This sequence is essential for the initiation of viral translation

Ribonuclease bound to transfer RNA F006 / 9591
Ribonuclease bound to transfer RNA, molecular model. This complex consists of the ribonuclease Z (RNase Z, green and pink) enzyme bound to a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule (orange and blue)

GATA transcription factor and zinc finger F006 / 9547
GATA transcription factor. Molecular model of the GATA transcription factor bound to a zinc finger. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences

Elongation factor Tu and tRNA F006 / 9522
Elongation factor Tu bound to tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid), molecular model. This enzyme is involved in the elongation of polypeptide chains during translation

Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA F006 / 9530
Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Molecular model showing the 6 zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA (yellow) bound to RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA F006 / 9516
Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Molecular model showing the 6 zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA (yellow) bound to RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Bacterial ribosome, molecular model F006 / 9332
Bacterial ribosome. Molecular model of a 30S (small) ribosomal sub-unit from the bacteria Thermus thermophilus. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Archaeon ribosome, molecular model F006 / 9328
Archaeon ribosome. Molecular model showing the structure of a 50S (large) ribosome from the archaeon Haloarcula marismortui. Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Elongation factors Tu and Ts F006 / 9310
Elongation factors Tu and Ts, molecular model. These enzymes are involved in the elongation of polypeptide chains during translation

Elongation factor G F006 / 9284
Elongation factor G. Molecular model of elongation factor G (EF-G) complexed with GDP (guanosine diphosphate). This enzyme is involved in the elongation of polypeptide chains during translation

Pancreatic exocrine cells, TEM
Pancreatic exocrine cells. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through exocrine cells in the pancreas, showing numerous zymogen granules (circles), rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Pancreatic acinar cell, TEM
Pancreatic acinar cell. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through an enzyme-secreting acinar cell in the human pancreas, showing the nucleus (dark purple, centre)

Golgi membranes, TEM
Golgi membranes. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a cell, showing the membranes (dark lines) of the Golgi apparatus

Bacterial ribosome and protein synthesis. Molecular model showing a bacterial ribosome reading an mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) strand (blue) and synthesising a protein

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3656
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3655
Ricin molecule. Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin. Ricin comprises two entwined amino acid chains; A (yellow) and B (blue)

Ricin molecule, artwork C017 / 3648
Ricin molecule Computer artwork showing the structure of a molecule of the toxic protein ricin (blue and yellow) with an active ribosome in the background

Poly(A)-binding protein and RNA complex. Computer model showing the structure of a poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) molecule bound to the poly(A)

Nerve cell, TEM C013 / 4797
Nerve cell. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a neuron (nerve cell), showing characteristic Nissl body (dark blue lines), numerous golgi apparatus (curved green lines)

Nerve cell, TEM C013 / 4796
Nerve cell. Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a section through a neuron (nerve cell), showing characteristic Nissl body (dark red lines), numerous golgi apparatus (curved pink lines)

Genetic translation, computer diagram. This process uses genetic information to direct the synthesis of proteins. The main molecules involved are two types of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

F / col TEM of polyribosomes from brain cell
False-colour transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a polyribosome from a human brain cell. Polyribosomes (or polysomes)

Transfer RNA molecule. Computer artwork of the double helix of tRNA (transfer ribonucleic acid), formed by spiralling paired strands of sugar phosphates, linked by nucleotide base pairs

Antibiotic mechanism of action, artwork
Antibiotic mechanism of action. Computer artwork showing the sites where two different families of antibiotics exert their effects on messenger RNA (mRNA)

Protein translation, artwork
Protein translation. Artwork showing the process of translation, the final stage of the production of proteins from the genetic code

Protein synthesis, artwork
peptid

Transcription factor and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Molecular model showing the 6 zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA (purple) bound to RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Ribosomal subunit, molecular model
Ribosomal subunit. Computer model showing the structure of the RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules in a 50S (large) ribosomal sub-unit. Ribosomes are composed of protein (not seen) and RNA

RNA processing protein, molecular model
RNA processing protein, RNase MRP. Computer model showing the molecular structure of mitochondrial RNase MRP (mitochondrial RNA processing)

mRNA recognition by bacterial repressor. Computer model showing a bacterial protein (green and red) bound to mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid, purple and brown)

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Protein synthesis, a fundamental process in all living organisms, plays a crucial role in the growth and maintenance of cells. This intricate mechanism occurs within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle responsible for protein production and transportation. Through the lens of a transmission electron microscope (TEM), we can observe the fascinating world of protein synthesis. A bacterial ribosome, resembling a tiny factory, diligently assembles amino acids into complex proteins. In a cross-section biomedical illustration, we witness this remarkable process taking place within DNA – the blueprint of life itself. Moving beyond illustrations, an X-ray view reveals the interconnectedness between protein synthesis and our body's structure. The human skeleton stands tall while relying on proteins produced by liver cells to maintain its strength and integrity. However, not all aspects are beneficial. Ricin A-chain artwork reminds us of its deadly potential when misused or encountered in toxic plants like castor beans. Artworks depicting ricin molecules serve as cautionary reminders about their destructive capabilities if they interfere with essential cellular processes. Returning to explore more positive aspects, let's delve deeper into understanding how proteins are synthesized at a molecular level. Human 80S ribosomes come into focus; these large complexes orchestrate every step involved in assembling amino acids according to genetic instructions encoded by DNA. Intriguingly shaped like clover leaves carrying specific amino acids, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules act as messengers during protein synthesis. They transport each required building block to the growing chain inside ribosomes with precision and accuracy. As we unravel the intricacies surrounding protein synthesis through various visual aids – from TEM images to biomedical illustrations – we gain insight into one of nature's most vital processes that sustains life itself.