Reformation Collection (page 32)

Luther and Melancthon
Melancthon joins him in the work of translating the Bible into German Date: 1523 - 1525

Luther & Colleagues
MARTIN LUTHER The German religious reformer with his associates Melancthon, Pomeranus and Cruciger. Date: circa 1525

Anglican Liturgy
THE ENGLISH LITURGY Archbishop Cranmer presides over the committee which will compile the English Liturgy, the prayers etc used in the various services Date: 1549

VIEW OF OXFORD, c1885. Martyrs Monument, Oxford, a memorial to the 16th-century Protestant martyrs Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, and Thomas Cranmer. Lithograph, c1885

Erasmus, Dutch theologian
Erasmus (c.1466-1536), Dutch theologian. Born Gerrit Gerritszoon, and later known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, Erasmus studied in monastic schools

Theodore Tronchin, French theologian
Theodore Tronchin (1582-1657), French theologian. Tronchin was a Calvinist protestant minister who represented Geneva at the Synod of Dort

John Knox, Scottish theologian
John Knox (1505-1572), Scottish clergyman. Knox was born at Haddington in East Lothian, Scotland, and educated at the University of St. Andrews in theology

The Eaters of the Dead, satirical artwork
The Eaters of the Dead. Satirical medieval artwork from a play titled Die Totenfresser (The Eaters of the Dead). This scene from the play depicts a bishop, monk, nuns, and others

King Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547). Henry was the second Tudor monarch, ascending the throne on the death of his father Henry VII in 1509

Rudolph Snellius, Dutch mathematician
Rudolph Snellius (1546-1613), Dutch mathematician. Born Rudolph Snel von Royen, Snellius was born at Oudewater. He studied in Cologne and Heidelberg before gaining a teaching post at Marburg

Simon Grynaeus, German theologian
Simon Grynaeus (1493-1541), German theologian. Grynaeus was born into a peasant family, yet managed to obtain an education at Pforzheim

Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494), Italian philosopher. Pico was born at mirandola, near Modena, into an aristocratic family. He was a precocious child and was tutored in Latin and Greek

Marsilio Ficino, Italian philosopher
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499), Italian humanist philosopher. Ficino was born near Florence into a physicians family. His father was under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici

Philipp Melanchthon, German theologian
Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560), German theologian. Born Philipp Schwartzerd near Karlsruhe, he was educated at the Latin schol at Pforzheim

Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist
Justus Lipsius (1547-1606), Flemish humanist. Lipsius was born in Brabant and was educated at Cologne and Louvain. As a classical scholar and philologist

Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch theologian
Desiderius Erasmus (c.1466-1536), Dutch humanist theologian. Born Gerrit Gerritszoon at Gouda, Erasmus was orphaned at the age of 17, and was sent to study in monastic schools

Joachim Camerarius, German scholar
Joachim Camerarius (1500-1574), German classical scholar. Born at Bamberg as Joachim Liebhard, Camerarius gained his latinised name from members of his family being appointed chancellor (camerarius)

Henry VIII, King of England (1491-1547). Henry was the second Tudor monarch, ascending the throne on the death of his father Henry VII in 1509

PIUS V (1504-1572). Pope, 1566-1572. Contemporary Mannerist portrait

Melanchthon
Philipp Melanchthon, German religious reformer and scholar. Digitally colored engraving of a Durer portrait

PREL2A-00028
Martin Luther in Wittenberg burning Pope Leo Xs Bull of excommunication, 1521. Hand colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration

Martin Luthers German translation of the Bible
First edition title page of Martin Luthers translation of the Bible into German. Woodcut with a watercolor wash

PREL2A-00011
Martin Luther before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Worms, 1521. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration

PREL2A-00006
Martin Luther defending himself before the Council of Worms, 1521. Photogravure reproduction of a 19th-century painting

PREL2A-00002
Martin Luther posting his " 95 Theses" on the church door in Wittenberg, 1517. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century illustration

EVNT2A-00073
Trial for heresy during the Spanish Inquisition. Hand-colored engraving of a 19th century illustration

EVNT2A-00282
French king Francis I taken prisoner at Pavia during war with the Holy Roman Empire, 1525. Hand-colored 19th century reproduction of an earlier engraving

EVNT2A-00281
Dragon of Heresy, from Guidius " Dialogy" printed in Switzerland, 1521. Hand-colored woodcut of a 19th-century reproduction of the illustration

EVNT2A-00229
Preaching before King James I at Pauls Cross, London, 1616. Hand-colored woodcut

Gustaf I and Church
Gustaf I Vasa seizes church lands, initiating the Reformation in Sweden : he confronts Peter Sunnavader

El Escorial, Spain
A 17th century bird s-eye view of the palace/monastery of San Lorenzo de l Escorial, built by Felipe II as a monument symbolising the counter- reformation

Pope Paulus Iii / Anon
POPE PAULUS III (Alessandro Farnese) reformer, patron of the arts, convener of Council of Trent

Pope Paulus Iii / Cavallie
POPE PAULUS III (Alessandro Farnese) reformer, patron of the arts, convener of Council of Trent

Pope Paulus Iii / Fursten
POPE PAULUS III (Alessandro Farnese) Reformer, patron of the arts, convener of Council of Trent (reigned 1534-49)

Expulsion of Monks 1530S
After Henry VIII has broken with the papacy, monks are expelled from England

LUTHER KIDNAPPED
Condemned as a heretic by the Church, he is kidnapped by sympathisers and taken to a safe house, the Wartburg, under the protection of the Elector of Saxony

Luther and Zwingli
THE MARBURG COLLOQUY He debates theological issues with Zwingli at Marburg but they are unable to agree on the significance of Jesuss words at his Last Supper

Jean Calvin / Dankertz
JEAN CALVIN French reformer, active in Switzerland

Calvin / Walter
JEAN CALVIN French theological reformer, active in Switzerland

Irvingites; Cutty Stool
IRVINGITES A sinner has to stand on the cutty stool while the congregation of followers of Edward Irving pray for his reformation

C15 Religious Costume
Ecclesiastical habits, a pilgrim, a nun and a monk - two of them carrying their beads, for this is before the Reformation

Battle of Frankenhausen
PEASANTS REVOLT Thomas Munezer, leader of the peasants, just before the defeat by Philip of Hesse at Frankenhausen

Luther Condemns Peasants
Martin Luther, at Seeburg, condemns Peasants who think that his rebellion against the Pope authorises them to rebel against secular authority

Luther Travels to Worms
Threatened with excommunication by the pope, Luther travels to Worms where he will be condemned as a heretic for refusing to retract his views

Luther and Eck
At Leipzig, in disputation with Johann Eck, he denies the supreme authority of popes and councils

Luther Burns Bull 1520
He burns the Papal bull in front of the East gate of Wittemberg

Luther Translating
MARTIN LUTHER depicted while translating the Bible, during his seclusion at the Wartburg : the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, inspires his labour

Luther (Spangenberg)
MARTIN LUTHER German church reformer, depicted writing

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The Reformation: A Revolutionary Movement in Religious History The Reformation, led by Martin Luther, was a pivotal moment in religious history that forever changed the course of Christianity. In 1517, Luther boldly nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, sparking a wave of dissent against the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church. Luther's defense before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet in Worms in April 1521 showcased his unwavering commitment to challenging established norms and seeking spiritual truth. This iconic event is immortalized through a line engraving from the 19th century, capturing Luther's courageous stand against religious authority. As Luther's ideas gained momentum across Europe, other influential figures emerged. John Calvin played a significant role with his theological teachings and leadership in Geneva. His impact on Protestantism cannot be overstated as he advocated for reforming church practices and emphasizing individual faith. Satirical depictions mocking Martin Luther highlight both opposition and fascination with this movement. The illustration "Fleisch macht Fleisch" (Meat Gives Meat) from 1555 reflects societal reactions to Luther's views on fasting during Lent – an example of how deeply ingrained traditions were challenged during this period. Meanwhile, William Tyndale contributed immensely to spreading Reformation ideals by translating the Bible into English so that common people could access it directly without relying solely on clergy interpretation. In England, Henry VIII's desire for divorce sparked further reformation efforts resulting in England breaking away from papal authority. This marked another significant chapter within this transformative movement. The Reformation was not just about theological debates; it had profound social and political implications as well. It reshaped societies across Europe and ignited discussions about power structures within religion and government alike. Today we remember these brave individuals like Martin Luther who fearlessly stood up against corruption while risking their lives for what they believed was right.